On Tuesday, the IHSS group took a guided tour of the ‘Out of the Amazon: Life on the River’ exhibit at HMNS. I found this exhibit to be very interesting. There were many amazing artifacts and objects and we had a very informative tour, thanks to our docent.
The Amazon is located in South America and spans across Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and many other countries. It is also the largest tropical rainforest in the world. The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world, just a few hundred kilometers less than the Nile. The Amazon is referred to as "the lungs of the Earth". Approximately 20% of the world’s oxygen is produced by the Amazon.
It is believed that nearly 10,000,000 natives once inhabited the Amazon. Today, that number is around 700,000. These inhabitants exist within tribes, many of which are very diverse in culture and heritage. Some tribes haven’t made contact with the outside world and are still hunter-gatherers.
I found the Shuar tribe and their customs particularly interesting. Their tribe was one of the largest tribes, and were often referred to as the “savages”. The Shuar have long resisted the efforts of rivals to conquer them and they are considered to be war-like people. Warfare, headhunting, and revenge are generally accepted. They live in isolated homes only for a single family, not in villages. The homes were built to defend against attacks. For example, they had double walls to protect themselves from projectiles and tunnels for means of escape. One of the most well known customs of the Shuar is the “shrunken skulls”, or “tsantsa”. Their reputation is largely derived from those customs. These shrunken skulls were part of the actual heads of their enemies. They believed that the deceased warrior’s spirit would come back to get revenge on their executioner. By shrinking the skulls and sewing the eyes and lips together, the Shuar believed they prevented the soul from exacting revenge. The process involved the skin of the deceased warrior being removed from the head. The skin was removed, boiled, and shrunken, and the lips and eyes were sewn together as part of the ritual. They were also known to shrink other animal heads. It is said that these shrunken animal skulls were used for a substitute for a “tsantsa”, for educational purposes, or to sell to foreigners who were interested in these shrunken human skulls. These “tsantsa” were not considered a trophy, but could increase a warrior’s “Arutam”. The Shuar believed each warrior had personal power, called the “Arutam”. By collecting shrunken heads, a warrior would increase his “Arutam”. The practice of shrinking heads allegedly came to an end after World War II due to an increase in demand for the heads, which led to a rise in headhunting.
I have added some pictures from the exhibit below.
Shrunken human head
Shrunken animal head
Man holding a shrunken human head